South Africas National Holidays

South Africa's National Holidays When Apartheid ended and the African National Congress under Nelson Mandela came into power in South Africa in 1994, the national holidays were changed to days that would be meaningful to all South Africans. March 21: Human Rights Day On this day in 1960, the police killed 69 people at Sharpeville who were participating in a protest against the pass laws- laws which demanded and blacks always carry passes. Many protesters were shot in the back. The carnage made world headlines. Four days later the government banned black political organizations, many leaders were arrested or went into exile. During the Apartheid era, there were human rights abuses by all sides; the remembrance of Human Rights Day is but one step to ensure that the people of South Africa are aware of their human rights and to ensure that such abuses never again occur. April 27: Freedom Day This was the day in 1994 when the first democratic election was held in South Africa, i.e. an election when all adults could vote irrespective of their race, as well as the day in 1997 when the new constitution took effect. May 1: Workers Day Many countries around the world commemorate the contribution made by workers to society on May Day (America doesnt celebrate this holiday because of its communist origins). It has traditionally been a day to protest for better wages and working conditions. Given the role that trade unions played in the fight for freedom, it is unsurprising that South Africa commemorates this day. June 16: Youth Day On June 1976 students in Soweto rioted in protest against the introduction of Afrikaans as the language of instruction of half their school curriculum, sparking eight months of violent uprisings across the country. Youth Day is a national holiday in honor of all the young people who lost their lives in the struggle against Apartheid and Bantu Education. July 18: Mandela Day On 3 June 2009 in his State of the Nation address President Jacob Zuma announced the annual celebration of South Africas most famous son- Nelson Mandela. Mandela Day  will be celebrated on the 18th of July each year. It will give people in South Africa and all over the world the opportunity to do something good to help others. Madiba was politically active for 67 years, and on Mandela Day people all over the world, in the workplace, at home and in schools, will be called upon to spend at least 67 minutes of their time doing something useful within their communities, especially among the less fortunate. Let us wholeheartedly support Mandela Day and encourage the world to join us in this wonderful campaign. Despite his reference to wholehearted support, Mandela Day failed to become a national holiday; but Nelson Mandela International Day was established by the United Nations in November of 2009. Aug. 9: National Womens Day On this day in 1956, some 20,000 women marched to the Union government Buildings in Pretoria to protest against a law requiring black women to carry passes. This day is celebrated as a reminder of the contribution made by women to society, the achievements that have been made for womens rights, and to acknowledge the difficulties and prejudices many women still face. Sept. 24: Heritage Day Nelson Mandela used the phrase rainbow nation to describe South Africas diverse cultures, customs, traditions, histories, and languages. This day is a celebration of that diversity. Dec. 16: Day of Reconciliation Afrikaners traditionally celebrated 16 December as the Day of the Vow, remembering the day in 1838 when a group of Voortrekkers defeated a Zulu army at the Battle of Blood River, while ANC activists commemorated it as the day in 1961 when the ANC started to arm its soldiers to overthrow Apartheid. In the new South Africas its a day of reconciliation, a day to focus on overcoming the conflicts of the past and building a new nation.

Cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Cloning - Essay Example Thomas, years ago, knew that science would come to a point where the impossible is indeed achieved. The question which he asks, but to which there is no hard and fast answer, is, â€Å"is it ethical†? The possibility of human cloning was raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep "Dolly" (Lauritzen 57-64). Dolly aroused worldwide interest and concern because of the scientific and ethical implications in creating her. The feat, cited by Science magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also generated uncertainty over the meaning of "cloning" --an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (Murray, 41) When the media report on cloning in the news, they are usually talking about only one type called reproductive cloning. There are different types of cloning however, and cloning technologies can be used for other purposes besides producing the genetic twin of another organism. A basic understanding of the different types of cloning is key to taking an informed stance on current public policy issues and making the best possible personal decisions. (Murray, 41) The following three types of cloning technologies are the most progressive: (1) recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning, (2) reproductive cloning, and (3) therapeutic cloning. The terms "recombinant DNA technology," "DNA cloning," "molecular cloning,"or "gene cloning" all refer to the same process: the transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. (Kass 89-100) The DNA of interest can then be propagated in a foreign host cell. This technology has been around since the 1970s, and it has become a common practice in molecular biology labs today. Scientists studying a particular gene often use bacterial plasmids to generate multiple copies of the same gene. Plasmids are self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular

Business Relocating to Third World Countries Pay Cheap Essay

Business Relocating to Third World Countries Pay Cheap - Essay Example (Vestring Till et al, 2005) Source: Bain & Company, 2005. Reasons There are several reasons attributing to this shift of both the service sector and the manufacturing factories to third world countries. Apart from cheap labour that is available, people in these countries have become a highly educated workforce in terms of manufacturing, R&D and engineering. Countries like India and China have succeeded in providing cheap labour while at the same time maintaining quality. Data shows that 77 global companies have set shop in India. (Vestring Till et al, 2005) Cost of manufacturing in countries like Taiwan and Singapore is one fourth of the cost of manufacturing the same component in countries like Germany. Other reasons why some of these third world countries attract off shoring of factories is that it enables these MNC’s to expand market base. Having a manufacturing hub in Asia or Latin America helps them to cut transportation costs and engage in expanding business operations i n these countries. Emerson for example has put up shop in Asia and Mexico with its engineering and manufacturing being done at China, India and Philippines. Source: Bain & Company, 2005 Another major factor is the wide disparity in wages paid in the West and those in third world countries. A job that would require 20-30 dollars/ hour to be paid in the West could be completed in about 1 dollar/hour in China. (Vestring Till et al, 2005) Human right laws and adherence to such practices are also questionable in these countries. Severe lack of job opportunities, inflation and rising poverty indexes make employees work under harsh conditions without questioning authority. These have prompted civil society to question whether this kind of manipulation and exploitation of... This report stresses that the ethics of companies off shoring factories to third world countries and managing their business by paying meagre salaries and violating several labour laws regarding minimum wages and working hours are being debated constantly. It is true that to an extent the developed countries do not promote the growth of indigenous industries as it would severely impact their business. Import duties in rich countries on a variety of goods are high which discourages third world countries in developing their own industry. This paper makes a conclusion that several multinational companies over the last decade have relocated their factories and businesses to third world countries. This to an extent has managed to open up the economy of these countries by generating employment and also creating foreign exchange. In the face of stiff competition from emerging economies like China the concern of the business houses to look for cheaper avenues of manufacturing is true and needs to be considered. There are several examples of factories in third world countries running as per the stated labour laws of the particular nation but the number of companies doing it otherwise far exceeds those doing it ethically. It is therefore imperative that a fine balance needs to be struck between these extremes since it ultimately boils down to the question of human dignity, basic rights of fair wages, ethical business practices and whether you as a company or a consumer would want to be associated with a product that has been manufactured at the cost of another’s misery.

The Advancement Of Technology And Construction Industry Construction Essay

The Advancement Of Technology And Construction Industry Construction Essay 2.1 Introduction The construction industry recently dominated many changes due to the advancement of technology, the industry needs to work collaboratively and pool knowledge in order to capture innovation. Its a common dilemma in the construction industry: how to capture knowledge and transfer it from one job to another, where there will be innovation among the talented personnel. Constructing Excellence, though, has come up with an innovative ground-up way of boosting RD and innovation. The construction process of today is in need of improvement. When comparing the construction process of today with the aspects that are considered necessary for the innovation process, it is clear that there are problems in the sector that to various extents hinder innovations. According to Kristian Widen the construction sector is blamed to be over conservative and low on innovation. Many different types of actions have been initiated depending on what is believed to be the problem. Generally Innovation in construction can be studied from many different perspectives. Traditionally, innovation in general has been studied from either an innovation systems perspective or from the single innovative company. Simplified, innovation systems research deals with how the different companies, government and other institutions relate to each other in the innovation superstructure, while research on the company often deals with its innovation capabilities, strategies etc. These different ways of looking into innovation have taken place in the construction sector as well over the years. There have been a number of studies covering, for example, how national research policies support construction innovation and how projects should be organized. The construction industry is generally driven by single projects that require the creation of a team to do the work and the subsequent dissolution of that team once the job is completed. This can both enable and constrain innovation. It enables innovation by ensuring great flexibility and fast adoption of new ideas and technology, but it can also constrain innovation as much knowledge gained through the process of a project is lost as the business moves on to the next project. Developing a strategy for learning within your organization can help overcome the potential problems of lost knowledge. Documenting lessons learned and best practices after every project can be a useful way to avoid previous mistakes and learn from experience. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 2.2 Review of the literature 2.2.1 Construction Innovation The need for innovation in the construction industry has long been stressed from both within and outside the industry. Changes in global markets, increased customer expectations, and government pressure have all led to innovation becoming a key focus for the construction sector. To echo this, a recent government report claims that Innovation needs to be at the heart of the construction industrys efforts to improve productivity and develop new capabilities, business and markets. Innovation in construction is considered to be the act of introducing and using new ideas, technologies, products and/or processes aimed at solving problems, viewing things differently, improving efficiency and effectiveness, or enhancing standards of living (The Civil Engineering Research Foundation (CERF), 2000, p. 2). It is increasingly recognized that innovation is not an orderly or neat process, but a process that is disorganized, controversial, and uneven that competes with the day-to-day business and everyday constraints of your business. Therefore, a conscious strategy to manage innovation is crucial in order to spot opportunities and convert these into growth. Generally there is no clear definition of the concept innovation. Many different varieties and also different models exist. For instance Innovation is the process through which firms seek to acquire and build upon their distinctive technological competence, understood as the set of resources a firm possesses and the way in which these are transformed by innovative capabilities (Dodgson and Bessant, 1990, p 38). Similarly its also defined innovation as Innovation means the application of new knowledge to industry, and includes new products, new processes, and social and organizational change (Firth and Mellor, 1999, p.199), It is when an act, as an idea, begins to impact on its environment (Atkin, 1999, p.4). A technological product innovation is the implementation/commercialization of a product with improved characteristics such as to deliver objectively new or improved services to the customer. A technological process innovation is the implementation/adoption of new a significantly improved production or delivery methods. It may involve changes in equipment, human resources, working methods or a combination of these. OECD, 1997, paragraph 24) A technological product innovation is the implementation/commercialization of a product with improved characteristics such as to deliver objectively new or improved services to the customer. A technological process innovation is the implementation/adoption of new or significantly improved production or delivery methods. It may involve changes in equipment, human resources, working methods or a combination of these. OECD, 1997, paragraph 24). Construction Innovation The construction innovations occur in different ways in the organizations, where some times we see they are common models take place in the organizations, while some times innovations occur in different models. Most business drivers to the need for the construction industry to put stronger focus on innovation, and one of the best series documents illustrates the recent attention that has been paid to this subject( Gann and Slater, 1998; Slaughter, 1998; Winch, 1998, Aktin, 1999; Gann et al., 2000; Koskela and Vrijhoef,2001). Drucker defined innovation as the effort to create purposeful, focused change in an enterprises or social potential. Others also defined innovation as innovation is defined as generation, acceptance and implementation of new ideas, processes, products or services (Thompson, 1965) or the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization (Amabile et al., 1996). According to the previous studies there are five models suggested by Slaughter, namely incremental, modular, architectural, system and radical innovations, by using these models of innovations companies can plan their implementation activities with respect to timing of commitment, coordination among project tea, special resources, and level of supervisory activity. The definition provided by Slaughter (1998) is broadly accepted by participants and academics. She defines innovation as follows: Innovation is the actual use of a nontrivial change and improvement in a process, product, or system that is novel to the institution developing the change. Innovation in the construction industry can take many forms. Slaughter (1998) characterizes such innovation according to whether it is incremental (small, and based on existing experience and knowledge), radical (a breakthrough in science or technology), modular (a change in concept within a component only), architectural (a change in links to other components or systems), or system (multiple, integrated Innovations). Apart form that, its increasingly accepted that construction innovation encompasses a wide range of participants within a product system (see, for example, Marceau et al., 1999). The construction industry is being increasingly challenged to successfully innovate in order to satisfy better the aspirations and need of society and clients and improve competitiveness (Latham 1994; DETR, 1998). Its also very important to consider the existing literature on the broad topic of construction innovation drivers and their operation in a variety of countries (see Blayse and Manley 2004), with the contributions of four authors standing out: Seaden (e.g., 1996), Winch (e.g., 1998), Slaughter (e.g., 1998; 2000) and Gann (e.g., 2001). These authors appear to most effectively mobilize expertise based on both the construction industry literature and the innovation literature. However, despite the significant contributions of these authors, there remains an opportunity to contribute to the literature by exploring construction innovation benefits, using Malaysia construction industry as case. Construction innovation as a field of study has generated a number of useful critiques of the industrys performance, the higher the levels of innovation in the construction industry, the greater the likelihood that it will increase its contribution to economic growth. The innovation processes always takes place but with out notice and the companies in the construction industry are interested innovative technologies in order to be competitive in todays market. In order to be clear with the above mentioned models, firstly we must understand the differences between innovation and invention, invention is a detailed design or model of a process or product that can clearly be distinguished as novel compared to existing arts. Innovation, on the other hand, is the actual use nontrivial change and improvement in the process, product, or system that is novel to the institution developing the change (freeman 1989). Generally the innovations has its benefits to the construction industry, commonly the innovations increase economic growth (Schumpeter 1934), apart from that the innovations also increase the productivity and efficiency (Schmookler 1952), innovation can also be associated with market growth, through the provision of new or improved products and services and reductions of cost of production. On the other hand construction-related innovations can also have significant social benefits (Seaden 1996). There are many attempts to define innovation within the industry, and one of the most comprehensive definitions was given by Ling (2003) and could be considered as the most comprehensive within the construction industry context. He defined innovation as an implementation of new idea to a construction project with the intention of deriving additional benefits, although there might be some associated risks and uncertainties. The new idea may be refer to new design, technology, material component, or construction method used in a project. (Asad et al., 2005). Models of Innovation Incremental and Radical innovations Incremental innovation is a small change, based upon current knowledge and experience. In contrast, a radical innovation is a breakthrough in science or technology that often changes the character and nature of an industry. While incremental innovations occur constantly, radical innovations are rate and unpredictable in their appearance and in their impacts. A radical innovation creates a new way of understanding a phenomenon and formulating approaches through which to solve problems (Nelson and Winter 1977; Dosi 1982). Modular and Architectural Innovations According to the previous studies, there is distinction between modular and architectural innovations, for instance the modular innovation entails a significant change in concept within a component, leaves the links to other components and systems unchanged, while Architectural innovation involves a small change within a components and systems (Henderson and Clark 1990). On the other hand Modular innovations may be developed within an organization and implemented with a minimum of negotiation with parties involved in the development or selection of other components; where as architectural innovations require change and modification in the set of interacting components and systems (Afuah and Bahram 1995). System Innovation System Innovation is also very important among the models of innovations, its identified through their integration of multiple independent innovations that must work together to perform new functions or improve the facility performance as a whole. For this kind of innovations the linkage are explicitly among the innovations, as well as entailing changes in the links to other components and systems (Cainarca et al .1989). The previous papers highlighted that the construction innovation offers the potential for significant company, industry, and societal benefits. As the demand rises for increasingly complex facilities, and the traditional sources of construction materials and labor shrinks, most construction related companies are looking for design and technology innovations to improve their products and services, and decrease their costs. The five models of construction innovations suggested by Slaughter are basis for construction companies to plan and carry out activities to effectively use specific construction innovations. The above models are based upon current theories in management and economics, but are modified to reflect the special conditions associated with constructed facilities.

Earning a college Degree Worth it Essay

Colleges across the United of America are filled with students willing to obtain college degrees. Students usually work hard to earn their college degrees beside the high cost of tuition; they are committed to their education and make extreme sacrifices. But is earning college degrees worth the effort? For many, earning college degrees are opportunities for a life changing situations, employment security, and a great sense of self accomplishment. College degrees are the shortest path to life changing situations for individuals who earn them. For example, individuals with college degrees are more likely to find jobs in accordance with their fields of studies. In addition, their jobs are often less physical and more cerebral. In the workplace, they are usually treated with fairness, and their wages increase steadily. Finally, people with college degrees can enjoy the privilege of job flexibility. To illustrate, those who majors in computer or business might work in the comfort of their homes as software developer, business analyst which jobs allow them flexible scheduling with great wages to combine with family plans. For example, they have more time for cruising, enjoying family getaway weekends, and even biking in rural town. In addition to, experiencing life changing situations, individuals with college degrees have greater chances of employment security. To illustrate, during recession they are less likely to be laid off for several reasons. First of all, they are great assets to companies that will do mostly whatever is necessary to keep them. Next, when individuals with college degrees are searching for employment, they usually do not have to wait long to be recruited by companies mostly because they are skillful and talented. Finally, individuals with college degrees in the workplace are less likely to be fired because they are contractual. They are generally hired on a salary basis with full advantages such as, health insurance and 41k. Most people with college degrees enjoy relative peace and security related to their employment. Finally, people who go to college or university to obtain college degrees of any kind ,experience great sense of self –accomplishment that will reflect on themselves. First, they are proud of themselves for what they have accomplished or overcome to be where they are. Secondly, people with college degrees are treated with respect on their job and that respect follow them even in their homes. Their social status might change totally in a way that they couldn’t imagine four to five years before. When management want to give promotion, people with college degrees are the first ones to enjoy those promotions mostly because they are well prepared. Individuals with college degrees have opportunities to invest in real state, buy fancy cars, and even invest in stock market. Individuals with college degrees can see a brighter future for themselves and families. It is obvious that college degrees bring pride, self-esteem, appreciation, and feelings of well-being for individuals who earn them. To conclude, along with many others, life changing situations, employment security, and a great sense of self-accomplishment are the direct consequences of earning a college education. Naturally, some might argue that college degrees do not worth all the sacrifices. It is widely known that education is a mean to empower individuals to become active participants in the transformation of their society. Every one of us has a role to play to better our life and society. People need to be prepared and get themselves a good education which is the key for a successful life. Indeed, college degrees do worth the effort, sacrifices, and the cost.

I am happy Essay

I think, happiness lies in living a plain life within one’s own means. If you follow the dictum ‘cut you coat according to your cloth’ and live within your own means, you will not need to trouble your head to get a loan of money or to pay back loan. Besides, you will not be a parasite or a dependant on others and your free mind will bring you immense happiness. Happiness lies not only in the life of plain living but also in the life of high thinking. So, a saying goes on ‘plain living and high thinking’. If you live a life of high thinking the trifling worldly troubles will not disturb your mind. With your high mindedness and broad heartedness you will be able to excuse your small complaints and thereby you will be free from a lot of troubles. High-mindedness depends on plain living. If you do not be plain in your living you will fall in constant wants and you will become a self-seeker which will lead to low mindedness and meanness. So, in order to live a happy life, you should follow the dictum ‘Plain living and high-thinking’. Health of body and peace of mind are necessary for living a happy life. You can get health of body and peace of mind by following the principles of hygiene and ethics. Idleness, is the greatest enemy of happy life. So, you should cast off your idleness if any and do some useful and productive work. Adjustment, understanding, co-operation and tolerance are necessary for leading a happy life. So, also love, affection, sympathy and fellow feelings are necessary on your part for making your life happy. Now, I point out a very important thing for keeping a happy life. That is you cannot live happily if your neighbors are unhappy and sad. You cannot enjoy your full meal if a neighbors of your lies in starved condition. Conversely, if you find that your neighbors are happy, happiness will automatically come to your mind. So, my idea of happy life is that one should conduct in such a way and live in such a manner that his neighbors will not suffer in any way on one’s account. you should not hurt them either in mind or in person or in property. Besides, you should sincerely try to alleviate their sorrow. Here lies the true sustenance of one’s happy life. So, you should try to make others happy in order to live happy life for yourself. These are the sum  total of my idea of happy life.

The Differences Between The Colonies And The Middle Colonies

Time Period 2 Study Guide 1. There were several main differences among the British colonial regions. The New England colonies being colonized mainly for religion while the Middle colonies found wealth through industry, whereas the Southern colonies sought more trade and wealth opportunities through colonization. Economically, the New England colonies did not have trade as their primary focused, but still were involved in the processes of fishing, lumbering, and trapping, the Middle colonies found their wealth in lumbering and shipbuilding; the Southern colonies sought to grow and trade cash crops for wealth. The Northern colonies composed of [Separatist] Pilgrims, Puritans, and Quakers had more religious reasons for being founded, but not limited to refuge from religious persecution, and a holy society or â€Å"city upon a hill.† The Northern colonies were also religiously self-governing; one example being the Mayflower Compact, while the South had regular laws instituted. Demographically, the colonies started with an overwhelming white population over the blacks, but as the tobacco industry grew and slavery became an increasing practice, blacks began to outnumber the white population. 2. One attempt at British Control was James I’s hostility toward the House of Burgesses. He hated tobacco and did not trust the House of Burgesses and in turn he revoked the Virginia Company’s Charter and made Virginia a royal colony directly under his control. The success of this attempt wasShow MoreRelatedDifferences between British Colonies in America Essay1240 Words   |  5 Pagesof the British colonies in the new world were all the same. This is not the case though. The colonies, although they were all British they had some similarities but mainly they had differences. The Southern, New England and Middle colonies clearly show theses similarities and differences, particularly in terms of land, labor, religion, and native relations. 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